Page 50 - 2022UNESCO ICDH Newsletter_vol.4

On the History of Introduction.

The first medieval trade and economic relations of Sughd in the present-day
Zarafshan and Kashkadarya oases, located at the intersection of the Great Silk
Early Medieval Road (hereinafter GSR), which once served as lingua franca, a kind of "bridge" in
the cooperation of cultures of the peoples of the world. In addition, the prevalence

Sughd-Korean Relations of the Sogdian language and script in non-Sogdian regions played an important
[1]
role in the development of Sughd's foreign relations.
The Sogdians originally entered China and East Turkestan in the 1st millennium
BC. It happened in the fourth century, and the main reason for this was the march
[2]
of Alexander the Great to the Sughd region.
Archaeological finds indicate that from the 1st century AD, much of the
northern part of the Indian subcontinent came under the control of the Kushans.
[3]
From the same century, the Sogdians entered India through Tokharistan.
Alexander the Great's entry into Sughd via Bactria and his visit to India led to the
[4]
establishment of many Sogdian settlements, which later strengthened these ties.
This is one of the factors that led the Sogdians to travel across the GSR, to China
and India, through China to the Korean Peninsula and to Japan. The exhibition
"The Silk Road Leads to Nara" in the ancient capital of Japan, which also presents
archeological artifacts typical of the early medieval Central Asian culture, serves to
confirm the above. [5]
Sogdians traded in northern India through the mountainous Shatial Pass in
[6]
the third-seventh centuries AD , in Gansu, Dunhuang (China's most populous
[7]
province) , and in the cities of Turfan, Kucha, Kashgar, and Khotan in East
[8]
Turkestan . Trade routes from Samarkand to Turfan and then to China in the
Sogdian "Old Letters" of the third-seventh centuries AD (now housed in the British
[9]
Museum in London) , Chinonchkand in 639 Examples such as trade between
the Sogdians in the Sogdian document [10] (found in the meaning of the toponym)
indicate the intense trade relations of the Sogdian ethnos in the GSR. [11]

[1] Livsic Vladimir end Khromov Albert, Sogdian language / Basics of Iranian linguistics (Moscow: Nauka, 1981), 348-349.
[2] Rakhimov Nabijon, Sogdian colonization: a history of study and new data / Nomai donishgoh. Scientific notes (Dushanbe: 2016. No. 2 (47)), 32.
[3] Buryakov Yuriy, On the relationship of Sogd and India in antiquity and the early Middle Ages // India and Central Asia (pre-islamic period) (Tashkent,
2000), 161-162.
[4] Rakhimov Nabijon, Sogdian colonization: a history of study and new data, 32.
[5] Koguchi Yasuo, Sogdian culture and Sogdians in Japan // Materials of the International Scientific Symposium on the 2750th anniversary of the city
of Samarkand (Tashkent-Samarkand: Fan, 2007), 119-124.
[6] Humbach Helmut, Die Soghdischen inschriftenfunde vom oberen Indus (Pakistan) // Algemeine und vergleichende Archaologie – Beitrage. Bd 2.
(Munchen: 1980), 201-228.
[7] Zuev Yuriy, Chinese news of Suyab // Izvestiya Akadem Nauk Kazakh SSR (Alma-Ata, 1960. Vol. 3 (14)), 19.
[8] Khujaev Ablat, Sogdian information in Chinese sources // History of Uzbekistan (Tashkent, 2004. – No. 1), 57-58.
Bobur Goyibov [9] Rtveladze Edvard, The Great Silk Road. Encyclopedic reference book (Tashkent: Universitet mirovoy ekonomici, 1999), 107-112.
[10] Yoshida, Yutaka & T. Moriyasu. A Sogdian sale contract of a female slave from the period of the Gaochang kingdom under the rule of Qu clan” [in
Japanese] / Studies on the Inner Asian Languages, 4. 1988, 1-50.
Associate Professor on Sogdian Scripts, Head of the Department of the Samarkand State University [11] Huber Moritz, Lives of Sogdians in Medieval China (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2020), 32-37.

50 UNESCO ICDH Newsletter 51 Special Contribution